Substance Use Disorders

  • Alcohol Use Disorder

  • Opioid Use Disorder (e.g., prescription painkillers, heroin, fentanyl)

  • Stimulant Use Disorder (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine, prescription stimulants)

  • Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorder (e.g., benzodiazepines, sleep medications)

All of these are diagnosed based on a pattern of impaired control, cravings, risky use, and physical or psychological consequences.

Common Signs and Symptoms

  • Loss of control: Taking more of the substance than intended, or for longer than intended.

  • Cravings: Strong urges to use.

  • Neglecting responsibilities: Problems at work, school, or home.

  • Risky behaviors: Using in dangerous situations (e.g., driving while intoxicated).

  • Physical dependence: Needing more of the substance (tolerance) or experiencing withdrawal symptoms when not using.

  • Continued use despite harm: Using even when it causes health problems, relationship issues, or legal consequences.

Substance Use Disorder Treatment Options

Recovery is possible, and many people find long-term stability through a combination of medical treatment, therapy, support, and lifestyle changes.

Medication

  • Medications for Opioid Use Disorder: Buprenorphine with naltrexone (Suboxone) can reduce cravings and withdrawal, helping maintain recovery.

  • Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder: Naltrexone, acamprosate, or disulfiram may be used.

  • Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) for individuals with Opioid Use Disorder. MAT combines FDA-approved medications—such as buprenorphine with naltrexone (Suboxone)—with counseling and support to reduce cravings, prevent withdrawal, and promote lasting recovery. This evidence-based approach is considered the gold standard in treating opioid addiction and helps people regain stability, restore health, and rebuild their lives.

Medication decisions rely on the substance, individual needs, and medical history.

Therapy

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps identify and change thought patterns and behaviors related to substance use.

  • Motivational Interviewing (MI): Strengthens a person’s motivation to change.

  • Contingency Management: Provides rewards for staying substance-free.

  • Family therapy and group therapy provide additional support and accountability.

Lifestyle & Support Strategies

  • 12-step programs (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous) and non-12-step programs (e.g., SMART Recovery) can provide community and encouragement.

  • Peer recovery coaches or mentors offer ongoing support.

  • Healthy routines—exercise, sleep, nutrition—support physical and emotional recovery.

  • Stress management and coping skills help reduce relapse risk.